MEST Journal
type: channel
description: The MEST<strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> Journal<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;"> is an open-access international academic journal, of the non-profit organization MESTE, published in cooperation with the "MB" University in Belgrade, Serbia, and SZ & Associates - Toronto, Canada.
publisher: MESTE
language: en-US
publication name: MEST Journal
issn: 2334-7171
copyright: All papers published by MEST Journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Authors who publish with the MEST Journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work, with a note that the article is under consideration by MEST Journal, online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
items: Front Cover
items: Title Page
items: Imprint
items: Thematic Areas
items: Editor’s Foreword
items: THE AI BUBBLE: BETWEEN TECHNOLOGICAL PROMISES AND ECONOMIC REALITY
items: IMPACT OF EXPERT SYSTEMS ON IMPROVING ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM QUALITY
items: BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY OF THE GREEN AMMONIA ECONOMY (2010–2025)
items: DOES TRESPASSING REQUIRE HUMAN ACTION? REJOINDER TO KINSELLA AND ARMOUTIDIS ON EVICTIONISM
items: REJOINDER TO NINO ON ZIONISM AND THE CANCEL CULTURE OF THE LIBERTARIAN MOVEMENT
items: ACCESS TO FINANCE IN THE ROMANIAN ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM: INSIGHTS FROM FINANCIAL PROFESSIONALS
items: BLOCKCHAIN IN SMALL-SCALE LOGISTICS: OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC BENEFITS, AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES FOR MSMEs
items: FIREWALL-BASED DEFENSE STRATEGIES AGAINST MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE ATTACKS
items: THE FUNCTIONAL AND INVESTMENT ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR
items: DIGITAL SELF-ASSESSMENT AS A FOUNDATION FOR THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENTERPRISE
items: IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS ON HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION IN ALGERIA USING PCA
items: ENTREPRENEURIAL SUPPORT AND SME SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY IN TWO ALGERIAN PROVINCES
items: THE LABOR MARKET IN TERMS OF THE SHADOW DIGITAL ECONOMY
items: ISSUES IN ENSURING WORKFORCE AVAILABILITY IN TOURISM
items: ECONOMIC SANCTIONS IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT: RUSSIA’S ADAPTATION AND SPILLOVER EFFECTS
items: DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN ONLINE SHOPPING: EVIDENCE FROM NORTH MACEDONIA
items: THE INFLUENCE OF A CAD DESIGNER’S CREATIVITY ON ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF A NEW INNOVATIVE PRODUCT
items: PUBLIC BANKING AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN ALGERIA: THE CASE OF BDL
items: TEACHER MENTORING AND PERCEIVED RESEARCH COMPETENCE: A STUDY OF HSS UNDERGRADUATES
items: THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON ORGANIZATIONS AND CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE
items: CLIMATE–TECHNOLOGY INTERACTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN ALGERIA
items: Reviewers of the MEST Journal
items: Instructions for Authors
items: Submission Checklist
items: Reviewer's Report
items: Templates
items: MEST Journal Policies
items: Back Cover
items: MEST Journal, 14(01)

Front Cover
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1

Title Page
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1

Imprint
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1

Thematic Areas
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1

Editor’s Foreword
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1

THE AI BUBBLE: BETWEEN TECHNOLOGICAL PROMISES AND ECONOMIC REALITY
type: item
description: This study examines the phenomenon of the artificial intelligence (AI) bubble through an integrated economic and technological lens, contextualizing the recent surge in AI development—particularly generative models like ChatGPT and Midjourney—within broader cycles of financial speculation and innovation hype. Drawing on classical economic theories of bubbles (Kindleberger, Minsky, Shiller) and contemporary reports from institutions such as the OECD, World Economic Forum, and McKinsey, the research examines whether current investment patterns and market valuations in the AI sector reflect sustainable growth or speculative excess. The study highlights parallels with previous episodes of technological overvaluation, such as the dotcom and cryptocurrency bubbles, and identifies behavioral and structural indicators of potential market distortion. While acknowledging the transformative potential of AI, the study argues that inflated expectations may obscure underlying risks, particularly for emerging economies vulnerable to global financial shocks. It concludes that the AI bubble, if managed prudently, could serve as a corrective phase that redirects innovation toward long-term sustainability. Policy recommendations include diversifying funding sources, safeguarding labor markets, strengthening regulatory frameworks, and investing in human capital to ensure a responsible and inclusive transition toward humane artificial intelligence.
creator: Sara Adjemi
creator: Choukri Meliani
creator: Hiba Sahnoune
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sara Adjemi, Choukri Meliani, Hiba Sahnoune https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 1
ending page: 17
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.01

IMPACT OF EXPERT SYSTEMS ON IMPROVING ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM QUALITY
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the impact of expert systems on improving the quality of accounting information systems (AIS) in Algeria. Digitalization and automation have become firmly established practices across financial and administrative domains. Among these advancements, intelligent accounting systems play a decisive role in improving data quality and enhancing the precision of financial reporting. These improvements directly support more informed and reliable managerial decisions. A quantitative explanatory research design was used to investigate whether the adoption of expert systems has an impact on the four dimensions of AIS quality: accuracy and reliability of accounting data, timeliness of financial information, relevance and completeness, and efficiency and ease of system use. Questionnaire data were gathered through email to 150 accounting professionals (73 usable responses). The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The study's results demonstrated that expert systems have a positive impact on all dimensions of AIS quality. The strongest relationships were observed with the accuracy and reliability of data, followed by timeliness, relevance, and efficiency. The findings demonstrate the strategic importance of expert systems in improving the performance of accounting information systems (AIS). They also provide actionable insights for accounting professionals and institutions seeking to advance their digital competencies. The study makes a valuable contribution to literature by addressing a geographic gap and presenting evidence from a developing country context.
creator: Wafa Ahmouda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Wafa Ahmouda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 18
ending page: 29
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.02

BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY OF THE GREEN AMMONIA ECONOMY (2010–2025)
type: item
description: This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the green ammonia economy, aiming to map its evolution, structure, and thematic trends from 2010 to 2025. Green ammonia is emerging as a key solution for hydrogen storage and carbon-free fuel in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors. The analysis uses a dataset of 2,520 peer-reviewed articles and reviews sourced from the Scopus database, employing R-Studio and VOSviewer for quantitative analysis of publication trends, citation impact, international collaborations, and keyword co-occurrence. The results reveal significant growth in research output, particularly after 2020, driven by global interest in low-carbon energy solutions. Geographically, China leads in publication volume, while the United Kingdom and the United States are central hubs for international research collaborations. Thematic analysis identifies four main clusters: core chemistry and electrochemical conversion, combustion science, techno-economic analysis, and engine applications. The field has transitioned from foundational studies to applied research and policy-oriented analysis. The study emphasizes the need for further interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly in socio-economic and policy research, to address the remaining challenges of commercial deployment and systemic integration of green ammonia technologies.
creator: Lynda Ait Bachir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lynda Ait Bachir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 30
ending page: 47
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.03

DOES TRESPASSING REQUIRE HUMAN ACTION? REJOINDER TO KINSELLA AND ARMOUTIDIS ON EVICTIONISM
type: item
description: Libertarian scholars Kinsella and Armoutidis criticize the libertarian theory of evictionism. This is a principled compromise between the pro-life and the pro-choice positions. Its conclusion overlaps with the former in the last trimester of pregnancy and with the latter in the first two trimesters. That is, the pregnant mother may expel the fetus from her body whenever she wishes but may not ever kill this pre-born baby. This theory is predicated upon the notion that the unwanted fetus is a trespasser; an innocent one, to be sure. Thus, he may be expelled from her body, her private property, but not treated as a criminal, since he is innocent of any crime. Evictionism stands or falls on this one claim. If the fetus is not a trespasser, this solution to the abortion controversy is a failure. Kinsella (2023) and Armoutidis (2024) maintain, to the contrary, that trespassing is a human action, and that the fertilized egg, the beginning of human life, is capable of nothing such thing. This essay aims to refute their position.
creator: Walter E. Block
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Walter E. Block https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 48
ending page: 53
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.04

REJOINDER TO NINO ON ZIONISM AND THE CANCEL CULTURE OF THE LIBERTARIAN MOVEMENT
type: item
description: Nino (2025) is an attack on libertarianism in general and on my views in particular. He maintains that it is impossible, without contradiction, to both support this free-market philosophy which is grounded upon the non-aggression principle (NAP), and, also, to defend the recent and previous behavior of Israel. That country, he contends, is a blatant violator not only of libertarian principle, but also of civilized behavior. Further, Israel has also violated the private property rights of the Palestinians. Thus, their actions of October 7, 2023, can be seen as just a retaliation of the injustice previously perpetrated upon them. The Jewish state has stolen lands from the Gazans and other Palestinians. It has turned Gaza itself into “an open-air prison.” My defense of the only civilized country in the Middle East, thus, cannot possibly be logically compatible with the principles of libertarianism, he avers. In his diatribe against me, Nino pulls out all the stops. He sees nothing whatsoever of any value in my defense of the Jewish state. The present paper consists of my refutation of each and every one of this author’s critical claims. In my view, his screed is not motivated by a search for the truth of the matter. Rather, he wishes to tear down the case in behalf of Israel, and defend that of Hamas, Hezbollah, the Houthis, and their paymaster and leader, Iran.
creator: Walter E. Block
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Walter E. Block https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 54
ending page: 71
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.05

ACCESS TO FINANCE IN THE ROMANIAN ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM: INSIGHTS FROM FINANCIAL PROFESSIONALS
type: item
description: Access to finance remains a critical challenge for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging economies, where institutional support and financial infrastructure are often underdeveloped. As in many European countries, SMEs in Romania play a central role in employment and value creation; however, they face persistent barriers in securing adequate financial resources for survival, growth, and innovation. This study investigates the perceptions of Romanian financial professionals - both from banking and non-banking institutions - regarding SMEs’ access to finance, aiming to identify perceptual patterns and their demographic and institutional determinants. Based on a survey of 74 financial professionals, the research employs several statistical techniques to uncover latent dimensions and segment respondents into coherent perceptual profiles. Three distinct profiles emerged: Optimists (confident in finance as a catalyst), Moderates (balanced but cautious), and Skeptics (cautious about finance’s role in early-stage entrepreneurship). The type of institution and locality size significantly influenced perceptions, while professional experience and education had limited impact. A notable finding is the divergence between the generally positive perception of finance’s role in SME development and the skepticism regarding its capacity to stimulate new business creation, suggesting the presence of systemic barriers. The study offers a practical framework for tailoring financial products and public policies to the perceptual and institutional profiles of financial professionals, contributing to more effective support mechanisms and a more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem.
creator: Ioana-Carmen Bozintan
creator: Monica Crespai
creator: Daniel Badulescu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ioana-Carmen Bozintan, Monica Crespai, Daniel Badulescu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 72
ending page: 80
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.06

BLOCKCHAIN IN SMALL-SCALE LOGISTICS: OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC BENEFITS, AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES FOR MSMEs
type: item
description: The integration of blockchain technology into micro and small logistics enterprises (MSLEs) presents an opportunity for enhanced transparency, traceability, and operational efficiency. Traditionally perceived as suitable only for large-scale systems, blockchain is increasingly becoming feasible for resource-constrained environments. This paper examines technical, economic, and organizational aspects of blockchain implementation within MSLEs, supported by literature analysis, real-world case studies (TradeLens, TE-FOOD, Modum, Slync.io), and simulated applications for two model enterprises — PickupPoint and LastMileCo. The research highlights the value of blockchain in automating delivery confirmation, securing digital invoicing, and improving data consistency across transport and warehouse systems. The study also identifies practical challenges, including cost barriers, integration complexity, regulatory uncertainties, and the need for technical upskilling. These are addressed through stepwise implementation strategies and modular adoption approaches. Findings indicate that even minimal-scale blockchain deployment can lead to measurable gains, with return on investment estimated at 6–18 months. The paper concludes with recommendations for industry adoption and policy development, advocating for regulatory sandbox environments and incentives tailored to the logistics SME context. Blockchain should be seen not merely as a technical tool, but as a strategic enabler of resilient and digitally mature supply chain operations.
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
creator: Petar Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac, Petar Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 81
ending page: 105
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.07

FIREWALL-BASED DEFENSE STRATEGIES AGAINST MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE ATTACKS
type: item
description: Firewalls serve as the first line of defense against Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks, which compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of digital communication. This paper presents a structured taxonomy of core MITM techniques, including ARP poisoning, DNS spoofing, HTTPS degradation (also known as SSL stripping), and session hijacking, as well as specialized variants targeting cloud services, web browsers, mobile applications, and IoT devices. Particular attention is given to vulnerabilities in VPN infrastructures, where centralized traffic decryption creates high-value targets, and to weaknesses in IoT ecosystems stemming from unvalidated certificates and outdated factory configurations. The analytical-comparative methodology integrates a literature review, statistical assessment of the economic impact of MITM incidents, and a practical demonstration of advanced firewall capabilities using Linux iptables/nftables configuration. The paper outlines both fundamental and advanced features of modern firewall solutions, including ACL rules, stateful inspection, application-layer filtering, DNS filtering, TLS inspection, and integration with IDS/IPS systems. Illustrative examples from widely used applications highlight the strengths and limitations of these measures. The findings emphasize that while firewalls are essential, they are not sufficient on their own. Effective protection requires a multilayered architecture that combines DNS encryption, strict TLS certificate validation, anomaly detection, and continuous user education to significantly reduce the risks and economic consequences of MITM attacks in contemporary digital networks.
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 106
ending page: 132
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.08

THE FUNCTIONAL AND INVESTMENT ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR
type: item
description: The study aims to shed light on the applications and impact of artificial intelligence in the field of financial operations (my usage – investment), by examining the effect of this variable on the current financial industry and its role in enhancing the value of technology companies that choose to invest in it. To achieve the study's objectives, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used over the period from March 2019 to June 2025 on key indicative metrics. The study concluded that there is a weak transitional effect in the extension of the equilibrium relationship from the short term to the long term between the use and development of artificial intelligence, represented by the STOXX Global AI Innovators index, and the AltFi Fintech financial index. It was also found that investment in artificial intelligence technologies (through the STOXX Global AI Innovators index) significantly influences the increase in market value of technology companies listed on the Nasdaq Composite index, regardless of the investment horizon. The study, therefore, recommends periodic evaluations of the effects and integration of AI in both micro and macro finance.
creator: Chaima Bounaas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chaima Bounaas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 133
ending page: 147
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.09

DIGITAL SELF-ASSESSMENT AS A FOUNDATION FOR THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENTERPRISE
type: item
description: Changes in the socio-economic environment demand greater awareness of intensifying competition, which in turn stimulates efforts toward business improvement. One result of this drive is continuous improvement in the quality of operations and environmental management, leading to a stronger market position. Even the world's largest and most successful companies must, in the face of unpredictable market changes and rapid technological development, adopt flexible business principles — or risk being outpaced by more adaptive competitors. Business process management should be flexible and simple to adapt to market requirements, yet sufficiently complex and integrated to ensure operational coherence. The company defines its mission as enhancing its core business through the adoption of cutting-edge knowledge and technology in the field of digitization, whose quality derives from a commitment to excellence across all domains. To achieve this, the company aims to embed the principles of quality digital culture and excellence in daily corporate practice. This paper explores digital maturity self-assessment in companies, based on the Lipovec-Rozman-King Business Organizational Model. An example of self-assessment of a modern small enterprise is given.
creator: Davorin Kralj
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Davorin Kralj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 148
ending page: 162
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.10

IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS ON HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION IN ALGERIA USING PCA
type: item
description: This study examines the influence of demographic indicators on household consumption in Algeria from 1985 to 2022, utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as the primary methodological tool. Using annual data on population structure, life expectancy, urban and rural distribution, and household disposable income, the analysis identifies the demographic variables most strongly associated with consumption dynamics. The results reveal a robust positive relationship between household consumption and factors such as disposable income, total population, life expectancy, and age-specific cohorts (0–14, 15–64, and 65+), while the rural population exhibits a negative association. The PCA highlights four distinct phases in Algeria’s demographic-consumption trajectory, reflecting shifts in rural development, economic recovery, improvements in health and income, and recent increases in household consumption linked to demographic transitions at both ends of the age spectrum. These findings underscore the importance of integrating demographic considerations into economic policy design. By recognizing the interplay between demographic change and consumption behavior, policymakers can better anticipate demand patterns, strengthen social infrastructure, and promote sustainable growth. The study also points to methodological and contextual limitations, suggesting future research directions such as nonlinear modeling, cross-country comparisons, and micro-level household analyses to deepen the understanding of demographic influences on consumption.
creator: Khaled Magoura
creator: Nadjib Allah Hakmi
creator: Elhousseyn Yousfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Khaled Magoura, Nadjib Allah Hakmi, Elhousseyn Yousfi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 163
ending page: 174
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.11

ENTREPRENEURIAL SUPPORT AND SME SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY IN TWO ALGERIAN PROVINCES
type: item
description: This research examines the role of entrepreneurial support in sustaining small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The case study focuses on the National Unemployment Insurance Fund (CNAC) in Annaba and El Tarf, Algeria, administratively known as wilayas. SMEs are vital for job creation, economic growth, and local innovation, yet they face persistent challenges in financial management and long-term survival. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology supported by empirical data and questionnaires targeting entrepreneurs engaged in CNAC’s programs. It emphasizes key forms of assistance, including financial and administrative support, training and capacity building, and follow-up processes. Findings indicate that entrepreneurial support has helped reduce unemployment by encouraging business creation. However, such support alone is insufficient to ensure long-term economic sustainability unless complemented by policies such as tax reductions, improved facilities, and a more favorable entrepreneurial climate. The study therefore recommends reconsidering current support mechanisms to help SMEs transition from aid dependency to competitiveness and sustainability, which is essential for local development and a resilient national economy.
creator: Yacine Nechma
creator: Abdelkrim Naidji
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yacine Nechma, Abdelkrim Naidji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 175
ending page: 190
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.12

THE LABOR MARKET IN TERMS OF THE SHADOW DIGITAL ECONOMY
type: item
description: This article examines the shadow digital economy (SDE), a growing phenomenon amid digital transformation and rising information costs. We review technical and economic definitions and propose an integrated definition of the SDE. The study offers the first systematic analysis of labor markets and the qualitative traits of participants in this criminal ecosystem. We identify a structured set of labor‑market roles within the SDE model. We analyze institutional traps that sustain shadow employment and show how the SDE perpetuates informal and illicit labor arrangements. The paper proposes a clear classification of criminally oriented products and services. We introduce a concise conceptual model of a “shadow” project for designing SDE products or services organized by criminal groups, detailing participant roles and project composition. Specialized services that require further study are grouped and highlighted. Our findings indicate that SDE activity extends beyond direct financial loss, eroding consumer trust, damaging brand reputation through data breaches, fraud, and counterfeiting, and posing risks to national security. The study ends with policy implications and recommendations for periodic evaluation and integration of AI‑related risks into financial governance.
creator: Serghei Ohrimenco
creator: Tatiana Manasterska
creator: Lucia Gujuman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Serghei Ohrimenco, Tatiana Manasterska, Lucia Gujuman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 191
ending page: 202
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.13

ISSUES IN ENSURING WORKFORCE AVAILABILITY IN TOURISM
type: item
description: This paper examines workforce security in the tourism industry. It focuses on seasonality, labor shortages, employee motivation, and the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic. Tourism is highly vulnerable to seasonal fluctuations, which create an unstable labor market dominated by temporary, part‑time, and migrant work. These conditions lead to high turnover and difficulties in retaining skilled employees. Low wages and poor working environments further reduce job satisfaction and morale. The study analyzes how these challenges affect both workers and employers, emphasizing the growing reliance on migrant labor in many regions. It also explores strategies to mitigate problems, such as improving motivation, offering better conditions, and adopting flexible employment models. In addition, the paper considers the long‑term effects of COVID‑19 on tourism employment, including shifts in demand, migration patterns, and new health and safety standards. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and industry leaders. They propose practical measures to build a more stable and sustainable workforce. By addressing the root causes of labor insecurity, the study contributes to developing effective workforce strategies and a more resilient labor market.
creator: Kiril Postolov
creator: Risto Elenov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kiril Postolov, Risto Elenov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 203
ending page: 213
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.14

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT: RUSSIA’S ADAPTATION AND SPILLOVER EFFECTS
type: item
description: This study provides a systematic analysis of the effects of sanctions policy on economic stability and the relationship between imposed sanctions and inflationary dynamics across countries. The initial hypothesis posited a direct and uniformly adverse impact of economic isolation on targeted economies; empirical evidence, however, indicates that outcomes are contingent on country‑specific structural characteristics and adaptive capacities. The Russian case illustrates this complexity: despite extensive restrictive measures, the economy has demonstrated resilience through diversification of foreign trade, implementation of import‑substitution policies, and expansion of domestic production, which have supported continued GDP growth in certain periods and mitigated inflationary pressures in key sectors. The analysis further shows heterogeneous sectoral responses to external shocks and highlights the role of institutional, fiscal, and market mechanisms in shaping macroeconomic trajectories under sanctions. These findings caution against blanket assumptions regarding the destructiveness of sanctions and underscore the necessity for policymakers to evaluate sanctions effects on a case‑by‑case basis, considering domestic economic structures, resilience mechanisms, and sectoral vulnerabilities to form more effective international economic policy.
creator: Lyudmila Prigoda
creator: Madina Alikaeva
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lyudmila Prigoda, Madina Alikaeva, Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 214
ending page: 224
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.15

DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN ONLINE SHOPPING: EVIDENCE FROM NORTH MACEDONIA
type: item
description: This study examines the dynamics and determinants of online consumer behavior in the Republic of North Macedonia, focusing on the country’s readiness for e-commerce development and the factors shaping digital purchasing patterns. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates qualitative content analysis of academic, institutional, and policy documents with quantitative data gathered from a purposive sample of 180 respondents. Secondary analysis includes international benchmarks such as the Network Readiness Index and the Logistics Performance Index, providing a comparative perspective on digital infrastructure, connectivity, and logistical performance. The investigation explores consumer preferences, frequently purchased product categories, and favored online platforms while identifying psychological, technological, and infrastructural factors that influence purchase decisions. Findings reveal that online shopping is expanding, especially among younger, urban, and digitally literate consumers. However, persistent barriers such as limited trust in online transactions, underdeveloped logistics systems, and payment security concerns continue to hinder broader market growth. Despite these obstacles, national digitalization strategies, growing internet penetration, and increasing consumer engagement with digital platforms indicate a favorable trajectory for the development of e-commerce in the coming years. The results underscore the importance of strengthening consumer confidence, improving delivery efficiency, and enhancing cross-border trade mechanisms to ensure sustainable market expansion. By contextualizing global e-commerce frameworks within an emerging market, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the evolving digital economy in North Macedonia. It offers practical insights and strategic recommendations for policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders committed to advancing digital transformation and fostering consumer participation i…
creator: Snežana Ristevska-Jovanovska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Snežana Ristevska-Jovanovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 225
ending page: 232
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.16

THE INFLUENCE OF A CAD DESIGNER’S CREATIVITY ON ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF A NEW INNOVATIVE PRODUCT
type: item
description: A CAD designer is a creative professional with a strong sense of aesthetics, harmony, and visual composition. They typically work daily on visual presentations across various media, designing web pages, banners, newspaper advertisements, signage, logos, magazine covers, video credits, animations, and product prototypes — all of which constitute the core subjects of their work. This study investigates how both environmental and personal contextual factors influence each CAD designer. Environmental influences include family, workplace, and education. Personal factors are gender, age, lifestyle, habits, social background, education, occupation, character, and behavioral patterns. These factors influence the seven core traits of a creative personality, ultimately enhancing the quality of an innovative product. To explore this, a standardized questionnaire was used to assess the seven core creative personality traits. The results are as follows: Associativity (35%), Originality (17.5%), Motivation (22.5%), Ambition (11.25%), Flexibility (7.5%), Emotional instability (3.75%), and a lower level of sociability (2.5%). Data were obtained through surveys among CAD designers and their collaborators. A total of 80 valid questionnaires were collected from 23 companies in Serbia that specialize in computer design. An additional objective is to establish the relationship between creativity and design in the work of CAD designers who develop new products.
creator: Ana-Marija Vukić
creator: Ivana Berković
creator: Dragana Sajfert
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ana-Marija Vukić, Ivana Berković, Dragana Sajfert https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 233
ending page: 246
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.17

PUBLIC BANKING AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN ALGERIA: THE CASE OF BDL
type: item
description: This study examines how the Banque de Développement Local (BDL) has contributed to financial inclusion across four wilayas in western Algeria from 2022 to 2024. Using detailed data from local agencies, the research evaluates four key dimensions: access, usage, quality, and innovation. It looks at indicators like account openings, credit distribution, savings trends, and the adoption of digital financial services. The results show notable progress in expanding access and building trust in financial services. However, deeper financial engagement, especially lending to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and encouraging investment-driven savings remains limited. While BDL has made strides in social outreach, its role in driving broader economic transformation is still modest. The study suggests that future efforts should focus on improving access to enterprise financing, diversifying financial services, and promoting digital literacy and behavior change. These steps are crucial for translating financial participation into long-term, sustainable development. The findings highlight how regional public banks like BDL can play a pivotal role in inclusive economic growth, particularly in emerging economies.
creator: Asmaa Zeggane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Asmaa Zeggane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 247
ending page: 260
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.18

TEACHER MENTORING AND PERCEIVED RESEARCH COMPETENCE: A STUDY OF HSS UNDERGRADUATES
type: item
description: Driven by China’s national initiatives to develop the ‘New Liberal Arts’ and enhance undergraduates’ innovation, fostering research competence among students in the humanities and social sciences (HSS) has become a critical priority. This study aims to explore the impact of teacher mentoring on the perceived research competence of undergraduates in the HSS and its internal mechanism. To examine the research context, this study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining a questionnaire survey (n = 98) and semi-structured interviews (n = 8), conducted with students from four "Double First-Class" universities in China. Quantitative data show that both academic guidance and emotional care from teachers are significantly positively correlated with the students' research competence. Regression analysis further indicates that the role of emotional care is even more prominent. Qualitative interviews reveal that students’ investment, targeted teacher guidance, and emotional encouragement collectively serve as key pillars in enhancing research competence. Finally, the paper proposes practical recommendations to improve undergraduate research training and teacher-student interactions at the levels of students, teachers, and university administration.
creator: Xiantong Zhao
creator: Guoxing Wang
creator: Xinyue Deng
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Xiantong Zhao, Guoxing Wang, Xiantong Zhao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 261
ending page: 272
doi: 10.12709/mest.14.14.01.19

THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON ORGANIZATIONS AND CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE
type: item
description: Digital transformation is reshaping global business by redefining operations, customer engagement, and value creation. This study examines the role of advanced technologies—artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), mobile platforms, and blockchain—in driving efficiency, personalization, and competitive advantage. It clarifies distinctions between digitization, digitalization, and digital transformation, emphasizing the latter as a strategic, organization-wide process that integrates technology to optimize business models and generate sustainable value. Case studies illustrate how successful adoption accelerates growth, expands market reach, and enhances customer satisfaction, while failure to adapt leads to declining relevance. The research also explores digital maturity, categorizing organizations by readiness, strategic alignment, technological capabilities, and cultural preparedness, and shows how these dimensions influence transformation outcomes. Key themes include automation of processes, customer-centric omnichannel experiences, and data-driven decision-making. Opportunities such as efficiency gains, innovation, and market expansion are balanced against challenges, including implementation risks, cybersecurity, ethical concerns, and workforce upskilling. By analyzing drivers, success factors, and organizational implications, the study demonstrates that digital transformation is essential for sustaining long-term performance, innovation, and resilience. In today’s rapidly evolving digital economy, continuous adaptation and investment in both technology and human capital are critical for competitiveness and sustainable growth.
creator: Snežana Ristevska-Jovanovska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Snežana Ristevska-Jovanovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 273
ending page: 284

CLIMATE–TECHNOLOGY INTERACTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN ALGERIA
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of climatic and technological changes on agricultural productivity in Algeria during the period 1999–2023 using the ARDL model. The results confirm the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between agricultural value added and its climatic, technological, and structural determinants. Productive inputs, particularly fertilizers and water resources, positively affect agricultural performance, whereas rising temperatures and inefficient irrigation management exert negative effects. The findings also show that technological development contributes to strengthening the sector’s capacity to cope with climate-related challenges. In addition, persistent structural constraints, including low labor productivity and the prevalence of traditional production practices, continue to limit productive efficiency. The error correction mechanism confirms the sector’s ability to adjust toward long-run equilibrium following short-term shocks. Overall, the results highlight the importance of improving resource-use efficiency, promoting technological modernization, and strengthening climate adaptation policies to support sustainable agricultural development in Algeria.
creator: Kamel Belfodil
creator: Djilali Mezouaghi
creator: Khadidja Laref
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kamel Belfodil, Djilali Mezouaghi, Khadidja Laref https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 27
ending page: 46

Reviewers of the MEST Journal
type: item
creator: Zoran P. Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran P. Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 285
ending page: 287

Instructions for Authors
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 288
ending page: 291

Submission Checklist
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 292
ending page: 292

Reviewer's Report
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 293
ending page: 294

Templates
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 295

MEST Journal Policies
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1
starting page: 296

Back Cover
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1

MEST Journal, 14(01)
type: item
creator: Zoran Čekerevac
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Čekerevac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
volume: 14
number: 1